C# Interview Questions and Answers are below :
1. What is C#?
C#
is an object oriented, type safe and managed language that is compiled
by .Net framework to generate Microsoft Intermediate Language.
2. What are the types of comment in C# with examples?
Single line
Eg:
[csharp] //This is a Single line comment[/csharp]
ii. Multiple line (/* */)
Eg:
[csharp] /*This is a multiple line comment
We are in line 2Last line of comment*/[/csharp]
iii. XML Comments (///).
Eg:
[csharp]/// summary;
/// Set error message for multilingual language.
/// summary[/csharp]
3. Can multiple catch blocks be executed?
No,
Multiple catch blocks can’t be executed. Once the proper catch code
executed, the control is transferred to the finally block and then the
code that follows the finally block gets executed.
4. What is the difference between public, static and void?
All
these are access modifiers in C#. Public declared variables or methods
are accessible anywhere in the application. Static declared variables or
methods are globally accessible without creating an instance of the
class. The compiler stores the address of the method as the entry point
and uses this information to begin execution before any objects are
created. And Void is a type modifier that states that the method or
variable does not return any value.
5. What is an object?
An
object is an instance of a class through which we access the methods of
that class. “New” keyword is used to create an object. A class that
creates an object in memory will contain the information about the
methods, variables and behavior of that class.
6. Define Constructors?
A
constructor is a member function in a class that has the same name as
its class. The constructor is automatically invoked whenever an object
class is created. It constructs the values of data members while
initializing the class.
7. What is Jagged Arrays?
The
array which has elements of type array is called jagged array. The
elements can be of different dimensions and sizes. We can also call
jagged array as Array of arrays.
8. What is the difference between ref & out parameters?
An
argument passed as ref must be initialized before passing to the method
whereas out parameter needs not to be initialized before passing to a
method.
9. What is the use of using statement in C#?
The using block is used to obtain a resource and use it and then automatically dispose of when the execution of block completed.
10. What is serialization?
When
we want to transport an object through network then we have to convert
the object into a stream of bytes. The process of converting an object
into a stream of bytes is called Serialization. For an object to be
serializable, it should inherit ISerialize Interface.
De-serialization is the reverse process of creating an object from a stream of bytes.
11. Can “this” be used within a static method?
We can’t use ‘This’ in a static method because we can only use static variables/methods in a static method.
12. What is difference between constants and read-only?
Constant
variables are declared and initialized at compile time. The value can’t
be changed after wards. Read-only variables will be initialized only
from the Static constructor of the class. Read only is used only when we
want to assign the value at run time.
13. What is an interface class?
Interface
is an abstract class which has only public abstract methods and the
methods only have the declaration and not the definition. These abstract
methods must be implemented in the inherited classes.
14. What are value types and reference types?
Value types are stored in the Stack whereas reference types stored on heap.
Value types:
[csharp] int, enum , byte, decimal, double, float, long[/csharp]
Reference Types:
[csharp] string , class, interface, object.[/csharp]
15. What are Custom Control and User Control?
Custom
Controls are controls generated as compiled code (Dlls), those are
easier to use and can be added to toolbox. Developers can drag and drop
controls to their web forms. Attributes can be set at design time. We
can easily add custom controls to Multiple Applications (If Shared
Dlls), If they are private then we can copy to dll to bin directory of
web application and then add reference and can use them.
User
Controls are very much similar to ASP include files, and are easy to
create. User controls can’t be placed in the toolbox and dragged –
dropped from it. They have their design and code behind. The file
extension for user controls is ascx.
16. What are sealed classes in C#?
We
create sealed classes when we want to restrict the class to be
inherited. Sealed modifier used to prevent derivation from a class. If
we forcefully specify a sealed class as base class then a compile-time
error occurs.
17. What is method overloading?
Method
overloading is creating multiple methods with the same name with unique
signatures in the same class. When we compile, the compiler uses
overload resolution to determine the specific method to be invoke.
18. What is the difference between Array and Arraylist?
In
an array, we can have items of the same type only. The size of the
array is fixed. An arraylist is similar to an array but it doesn’t have a
fixed size.
19. Can a private virtual method be overridden?
No, because they are not accessible outside the class.
20. Describe the accessibility modifier “protected internal”.
Protected
Internal variables/methods are accessible within the same assembly and
also from the classes that are derived from this parent class.
21. What are the differences between System.String and System.Text.StringBuilder classes?
System.String
is immutable. When we modify the value of a string variable then a new
memory is allocated to the new value and the previous memory allocation
released. System.StringBuilder was designed to have concept of a mutable
string where a variety of operations can be performed without
allocation separate memory location for the modified string.
22. What’s the difference between the System.Array.CopyTo() and System.Array.Clone() ?
Using
Clone() method, we creates a new array object containing all the
elements in the original array and using CopyTo() method, all the
elements of existing array copies into another existing array. Both the
methods perform a shallow copy.
23. How can we sort the elements of the array in descending order?
Using Sort() methods followed by Reverse() method.
24. Write down the C# syntax to catch exception?
To catch an exception, we use try catch blocks. Catch block can have parameter of system.Exception type.
Eg:
[csharp]
try
{
GetAllData();
}
catch(Exception ex)
{
}[/csharp]
In the above example, we can omit the parameter from catch statement.
25. What’s the difference between an interface and abstract class?
Interfaces
have all the methods having only declaration but no definition. In an
abstract class, we can have some concrete methods. In an interface
class, all the methods are public. An abstract class may have private
methods.
26. What is the difference between Finalize() and Dispose() methods?
Dispose()
is called when we want for an object to release any unmanaged resources
with them. On the other hand Finalize() is used for the same purpose
but it doesn’t assure the garbage collection of an object.
27. What are circular references?
Circular
reference is situation in which two or more resources are
interdependent on each other causes the lock condition and make the
resources unusable.
28. What are generics in C#.NET?
Generics
are used to make reusable code classes to decrease the code redundancy,
increase type safety and performance. Using generics, we can create
collection classes. To create generic collection,
System.Collections.Generic namespace should be used instead of classes
such as ArrayList in the System.Collections namespace. Generics promotes
the usage of parameterized types.
29. What is an object pool in .NET?
An
object pool is a container having objects ready to be used. It tracks
the object that is currently in use, total number of objects in the
pool. This reduces the overhead of creating and re-creating objects.
30. List down the commonly used types of exceptions in .Net?
ArgumentException,
ArgumentNullException , ArgumentOutOfRangeException,
ArithmeticException, DivideByZeroException ,OverflowException ,
IndexOutOfRangeException ,InvalidCastException
,InvalidOperationException , IOEndOfStreamException ,
NullReferenceException , OutOfMemoryException , StackOverflowException
etc.
31. What are Custom Exceptions?
Sometimes
there are some errors that need to be handeled as per user
requirements. Custom exceptions are used for them and are used defined
exceptions.
32. What are delegates?
Delegates
are same are function pointers in C++ but the only difference is that
they are type safe unlike function pointers. Delegates are required
because they can be used to write much more generic type safe functions.
33. How do you inherit a class into other class in C#?
Colon is used as inheritance operator in C#. Just place a colon and then the class name.
[csharp] public class DerivedClass : BaseClass[/csharp]
34. What is the base class in .net from which all the classes are derived from?
[csharp]System.Object[/csharp]
35. What is the difference between method overriding and method overloading?
In
method overriding, we change the method definition in the derived class
that changes the method behavior. Method overloading is creating a
method with the same name within the same class having different
signatures.
36. What are the different ways a method can be overloaded?
Methods
can be overloaded using different data types for parameter, different
order of parameters, and different number of parameters.
37. Why can’t you specify the accessibility modifier for methods inside the interface?
In
an interface, we have virtual methods that do not have method
definition. All the methods are there to be overridden in the derived
class. That’s why they all are public.
38. How can we set class to be inherited, but prevent the method from being over-ridden?
Declare the class as public and make the method sealed to prevent it from being overridden.
39. What happens if the inherited interfaces have conflicting method names?
Implement
is up to you as the method is inside your own class. There might be
problem when the methods from different interfaces expect different
data, but as far as compiler cares you’re okay.
40. What is the difference between a Struct and a Class?
Structs
are value-type variables and classes are reference types. Structs
stored on the stack, causes additional overhead but faster retrieval.
Structs cannot be inherited.
41. How to use nullable types in .Net?
Value types can take either their normal values or a null value. Such types are called nullable types.
[csharp]Int? someID = null;
If(someID.HasVAlue)
{
}
[/csharp]
42. How we can create an array with non-default values?
We can create an array with non-default values using Enumerable.Repeat.
43. What is difference between is and as operators in c#?
“is” operator is used to check the compatibility of an object with a given type and it returns the result as Boolean.
“as” operator is used for casting of object to a type or a class.
44. What’s a multicast delegate?
A delegate having multiple handlers assigned to it is called multicast delegate. Each handler is assigned to a method.
45. What are indexers in C# .NET?
Indexers are known as smart arrays in C#. It allows the instances of a class to be indexed in the same way as array.
Eg:
[csharp]public int this[int index] // Indexer declaration[/csharp]
46. What is difference between the “throw” and “throw ex” in .NET?
“Throw”
statement preserves original error stack whereas “throw ex” have the
stack trace from their throw point. It is always advised to use “throw”
because it provides more accurate error information.
47. What are C# attributes and its significance?
C#
provides developers a way to define declarative tags on certain
entities eg. Class, method etc. are called attributes. The attribute’s
information can be retrieved at runtime using Reflection.
48. How to implement singleton design pattern in C#?
In singleton pattern, a class can only have one instance and provides access point to it globally.
Eg:
[csharp]
Public sealed class Singleton
{
Private static readonly Singleton _instance = new Singleton();
}
[/csharp]
49. What is the difference between directcast and ctype?
DirectCast
is used to convert the type of an object that requires the run-time
type to be the same as the specified type in DirectCast.
Ctype is used for conversion where the conversion is defined between the expression and the type.
50. Is C# code is managed or unmanaged code?
C# is managed code because Common language runtime can compile C# code to Intermediate language.
